Effect of economic to the ecology

INTRODUCTION:				maintain and protect a very porous, humus-rich
The ecology has developed from the study of				topsoil.
natural biological systems, emphasizes the				As a result the loss biodiversity including animals
dynamic relationships between the various				and plants leads to the decrease of output
components of a system. Economics, with its				production, because most uses of biodiversity
nineteenth century origins in mechanistic concepts				have been discovered such as uses of chemical,
influenced by the industrial revolution, takes a				especially drugs which is very important for
more static view of the balance of accounts at				human life. An estimated 24% all world
the end of each accounting cycle. It can therefore				prescription drugs contain compounds derived
be instructive to apply an ecological systems view				from plants. With so many un described plants,
to various economic concepts, if only to raise				many potential useful medicines will be lost if we
some provocative questions about the basic				take proper measures to control
premises underlying modern economic thinking				it.
which have too often been taken for granted.				Flash flooding:
Both economy and ecology must become				Forests are important as they provide watershed
functional systems respect certain basic principles				management, and hosting important species, as a
to ensure their stability and survival. In nature,				result of deforestation there has been an increase
systems follow cycles of growth, reproduction or				in the flow of ground water and as a result there
renewal, and death, which assure both the				have been increased occurrences of flash flooding
perpetuation of the systems and allow evolution				in dams and electric power dams.
to adapt to changing circumstances. In this				Global climatic changes:
process, the system may change form and				Forests are important in the carbon cycle balance
composition, but it preserves its most essential				and the cutting down of trees will result into
characteristics in its information content. This				unbalanced carbon cycle in the world, as a result
determines its structure, organization and forms				there will be an increased percentage of carbon
of communication with the outside environment				dioxide in the atmosphere which leads into global
and other systems. In biological systems, this				warming and other impacts.
information is stored in the genetic code; in human				Climatic changes are experienced due to the
systems, this information is perpetuated and				unforgiving nature of the environment, Global
transmitted in our social values, institutions, culture,				warming has been an issue that has been of
science, knowledge and wisdom.				recent concern and deforestation has contributed
				to the issue of global warming, for this reason
Ecology is the natural science that deals with				therefore there should be improved forest
relationships among all organisms and their				management to extend the adverse effect of
environments. Ecological studies have traditionally				global warming.
focused on interpreting the non-human world and				Trees act as water shed whereby areas covered
have provided little explicit application to human				by forest will hold more underground water, when
society				logging takes place in an area the ground may not
				hold water and for this reason the area may
Deforestation is the destruction or clearing of				experience drier climates due to deforestation.
forested lands, usually for the purposes of				Increased erosion and land slides:
expanding agricultural land or for timber harvesting.				Due to the increased loss of vegetation cover
When the process is conducted by clear cutting				land has become more susceptible to erosion
(removal of most or all of the canopy tree				through rain and also wind, the loss of vegetation
growth, leaving few or no live or dead trees				cover and forests have also resulted into
standing) or when mass forest burning occurs,				increased occurrences of land slides. Erosion also
significant losses of habitat and biodiversity may				causes sedimentation of streams and lakes which
result, including the erosion of biological community				has effect to aquatic life due to suffocation
structure and the extinction of species.				resulting from suspended materials in water. An
Ecological deforestation is where by destruction or				example of erosion caused by logging is the
clearing of forested land that leads to destruction				yellow river of China that turned yellow due to
of organisms' habitat. Ecological deforestation				the increased sediment load of the river as a
begun as early as industrial revolution started				result of erosion.
when the consumption patterns of society has				Measures to control deforestation
changed followed by sharp increase of human				Afforestation and re-aforestation:
rates thus leading to high burden on the				Government have initiated policy measures aimed
ecosystem. The advents of variety of industrial				at supervising the companies project in specific
system especially motor engines that speed up				area making analysis that if this project harming
the rate of exploitations and consequently leads				the ecological system it must be postponed and
to the extinctions of some keystones species of				also judging the cost-benefit analyses for purpose
ecosystem.				of environmental benefits. Other measures are
				planting trees (afforestation) in both areas that
Ecological economics is a policy-oriented				were covered by trees and those that were not
perspective that addresses the interdependence				earlier covered by trees, afforestation involves
and co-evolution between human economies and				the planting of trees in area where forests did not
their natural ecosystems. Interest in this area has				exist while reforestation involves planting trees
been prompted by concerns for the adverse				where forests have been destroyed. An example
impacts of human economic growth processes on				is where since 1990 the European union has paid
natural systems. Ecological economics is positive, in				farmers in form of grants for them to turn their
its development of understanding of the physical,				farming land into forests, by 1997 over half a
biological and social structural and functional				million hectares of land have been afforested and
relations between economies and natural				reforested. Also In the 1998 to 2000 period china
ecosystems. Ecological economics is also				completed reforestation and afforestation of over
normative in addressing appropriate roles of				1.1million hectares. Therefore the afforestation and
human economies within natural ecosystems.				reforestation policy measures by various
				authorities have resulted into a reduction in the
Economic and ecological processes				effects of deforestation.
Today, when we think of ecology, the household				Ban on logging:
in question is the biosphere, primarily the natural				Bans on logging are also policy measures to
environment. When we think of the economy, we				reduce deforestation, this however acts as a way
think of the human production, exchange, and				to stop further deforestation but does not solve
consumption of goods and services. The two				the problem of deforestation because the world
topics are treated in such a way that they hardly				has already been faced with the problem, an
touch each other. And there is the problem. We				example of such a ban is the 1998 china ban
need a healthy natural environment as a context				against commercial logging, this ban was lifted on
for our lives. We need to produce, exchange, and				more than 13 provinces that are along the yellow
consume goods and services in sustainable way.				river.
But precisely because we need both,				Cost of reducing this problem:
preoccupation with either one, when the other is				Because timber harvesting is a major economic
not in view, can be disastrous.				activity in many countries if a piece of and is used
Realistically, in the past half century at least,				for production of timber and not for any other
attention has been overwhelmingly focused on				use, trees are planted and then cut for timber
economy. The arguments have been about how				production and trees are replanted or allowed to
to increase production, exchange, and				grow from natural seeding then we would be in
consumption of goods and services. Some				apposition to find out the economic cost of
economists argued that a centralized bureaucracy				resolving the problem. If trees and forests are
could plan economic growth most effectively.				used for timber production then there must the
Others asserted that a market free from				determination of optima rotation which will be
government interference would grow more				determined by the cost of planting, price of
rapidly. Most economies have in fact had elements				cutting timber, discounting rate and the pattern of
of both, but on the whole giving more freedom				growth of these trees.
to entrepreneurs has proved more effective.				The stumpage value of the trees will be equal to
This View among economists has in general				revenue got from the sale of timber minus the
presupposed that natural resources are not				cost of harvest and transport to the place of
limited. Some believes that technological advance				sale. In this case therefore it would be important
will handle any problems that arise from natural				to maximize the stumpage value.
shortages. There are no limits to growth. The				In our case we are determining growth of trees
more rapidly we increase production, exchange,				not for the purpose of cutting down but to
and consumption the better. But if you take look				secure and maintain the eco balance and
ecologically, things quite differently. It seems that				therefore the cost of keeping trees will be
human beings are consuming more and more of				determined by the management costs such as
the total natural product of the world. Wilderness				spraying, pruning and thinning, other cost include
is growing scarce or, by some definitions, has				the opportunity cost of land tied up by the trees
already disappeared. species could exceed its own				and finally the opportunity costs which the
natural ecosystem's carrying capacity or diminish				proceeds from cutting the trees. However for
that capacity to the point of self-extinction, only				public forests we do not have to consider the
the human species has both the will and capacity				opportunity cost of land held up by the trees.
to jeopardize itself, as well as the will and capacity				How can we develop sustainable economics.
to avoid it. Many species can survive only as				Most of today's advanced industrialized countries
managed by human beings. Fresh water is already				high-throughput economies that attempted to
scarce in many parts of the world. Fisheries are				sustain ever-increasing economic growth by
declining. Agricultural production will not be able to				increasing the flow of matter and energy
keep up with demand. Air, water, and soil are				resources through their economic systems. These
being poisoned. The heating of the atmosphere				resources flow through the economics of such as
leads to increased storms and more erratic				societies to planetary sinks (air, water, soil,
weather.				organisms), where pollutants and wastes end up
The linkage between ecological deforestation and				and can accumulate to harmful levels.
economical system in modern world is quite				What happens if more and more people continue
opposed, the economical system in modern world				to use and waste more and more energy and
emphasizes the cost-benefit analysis, that means				matter resources at an increasing rate? The law
the project is valued its benefit and demand from				of conservation of matter and the two laws of
market denying with its impact to the				thermodynamics tell us that eventually thus will
environment.				exceed the capacity of the environment to dilute
When logging (timber) operations takes place in				and degrade waste matter and absorb waste
the forests land in order to get economical				heat. Fore example the first law of
purpose without considering ecological system, it				thermodynamics in closed environment system,
will lead us to misery condition. This process is				the amount of waste in any period must be equal
conducted by clear cutting of significant trees.				to the amount of natural resources used up.
When this mass forests cutting occurs, significant				Resources may be transformed but they cannot
losses of habitat and biodiversity may result,				be destroyed and must end up somewhere in the
including the erosion of biological community				environmental system. However, they do not tell
structure and the extinction of species.				us how close we are to reaching such limits but
Deforestation is proceeding at a rapid pace in				they are giving us indicators that the ability of
may areas of the world, especially in the tropical				environment to absorb waste has been reached.
and borea-forest regions of the earth, with annual				A stopgap solution to this problem is to convert a
net loss of forests during the 1990s estimated in				high-throughput economy to a matter-recycling
the range of nine to sixteen million hectares per				economy. The goal of such conversion is to allow
annum (9 to 16 million hctr). Large scale				economic growth to continue without depleting
deforestation may have adverse impacts on				matter resources or producing excessive pollution
bio-sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide,				and environmental degradation.
exacerbating greenhouse gas buildup, through the				In recognition of the many environmental services
release of stored carbon in tree biomass and				performed by forests, a new method of forest
reduced CO2 fixation rates due to loss of trees.				management, known as ecologically sustainable
Deforested regions are often subject to				forest management, is evolving. This broader
accelerated rates of soil erosion, increased				approach seeks not only to conserve forest for
surface runoff and sedimentation of streams and				the commercial harvest of timber and non-timber
rivers, reduced infiltration and ground water				forest products, but also to sustain biological
recharge, with adverse water quality impacts on				diversity. Prevent soil erosion and soil, and
surface water and ground water resources.				preserve watersheds that produce clean water.
An agricultural activity also is one of major things				The actual methods of ecological sustainable
that lead to the ecological deforestation. Expanding				forest management that distinguish it from
of agricultural for addressing the demand from				traditional forest management are gradually being
market will causes to cut more trees and hence				developed and vary from one forest ecosystem
destruction of critical habitat of organism.				to another. Because trees have such long lifespan,
Typically, the most productive natural ecosystems				scientists and forest managers of the future will
(forests and grassland) are the first to be				judge the results of today's efforts.
modified by human use and most intensely				We also recognize efficiency in nature, and it
managed. Since nearly all agricultural practices				acknowledges the importance of ecosystem
involve the removal of the original vegetation and				functions for the continuation of human
substitution of exotic domesticated crops and				economies and cultures. In nature, one species'
animals, the loss of biodiversity is significant. As				waste is another's food, so that nothing is wasted.
human population grows, it needs more space to				We need an economy that recycles materials and
grow food. The pressures to modify the				uses energy efficiently, much as biological
environment are greatest in areas that have high				community does.
population density. Often the changes brought by
intense agricultural use can degrade the				Conclusion:
ecosystem and permanently alter the biotic				The economy is one of the pillars of sustainability.
nature of the area. Today, agricultural land is being				It must function to prevent pollution by providing
pushed to feed more people, and its wise use is				incentives that promote efficient resource use
essential to the health and welfare of the people				and eliminate waste. The economy must also
of the world.				support healthy ecosystems, the source of our
Ironically, the oil, which has made possible so				natural resources. Preventing pollution and
much of the economic growth, will become				protecting ecosystems.
scarce and expensive within a few decades,				�
because over exploitation the natural resources in
order to address the sharp increase of human
demand. Oil companies under take huge project
to overexploit the natural resources without
considering the effects these projects on
ecosystem. Their main aim is to accomplish
economical benefits rather then future impact on
the environment. For instance oil spill which has
taken place in USA 5 months ago has caused
20500 species to die and some keystones
species of this region may already extinct.
Although the company (British Petroliam, BP)
which was responsible for this spill has announced
to compensate the destruction of ecosystem but
still far to remediate the loss of many species
that may take over million years to remain its
impact. At a maximum, we should focus on				REFERENCES
conservation of scarce resources, reduction of
pollution, and technological innovations that will				Michel L. Mckinney, (1998), System and Solution
enable us to adjust to a post-petroleum economy.				3rd edition, Published by
Impact of ecological deforestation				Bantana Company USA,
Due to the continuous deforestation of ecological				Page 341.
system from economic activities, we have been				Enger & Smith,(2006), Environmental science
experienced huge impact on environment as				10th edition, Published by
whole and ecosystem as special. The effects as				McGraw-Hill, Page 256.
follows;				G. Tyler Miller, (2004), Environmental Sciences
Loss of biodiversity:				10th edition, Published by
Forests destruction have resulted into the loss of				Jack carey USA.
biodiversity, some tree and plant species are				Raven, Berg, & Johnson, (1998),
currently endangered and some are already				Environmental Science, 2nd edition, Published by
extinct an Forest ecosystems are extremely
efficient both for holding and recycling nutrients				saunder college.
and for absorbing and holding water, because they				William P.

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Effect of economic to the ecology

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