History Of Introduced Fruits Into America - Native American Fruit Trees And Hybrid Fruit Tree Improvements

Christopher Columbus in 1493 introduced citrusby Indians, a gift from earlier American colonial
trees into America on the Island of Haiti, byfarmers. Bartram also reported "the wild
planting the seed of the sweet orange tree, thecrabapple," Pyrus coronaria, growing among the
sour orange, citron, lemon, lime, and pummelo fruitapple trees, probably a pollinator. William Bartram
trees. Records show that citrus trees were wellwrote that he visited near Mobile Alabama the
established by the Spanish in coastal Southremains of "ancient habitations, being there an
Carolina and Saint Augustine, Florida by the yearabundance of peach and fig trees loaded with
1563.fruit."
Historical English documents show that theBartram also reported that orange trees were
Massachusetts Company in 1629 sent seeds ofgrown and cultivated in large groves in 1790 and
pear trees to plant and grow into fruit trees at"3000 gallons of orange juice were exported."
the American colony located at Plymouth,Bartram mistakenly thought that the extensive
Massachusetts. Captain John Smith reported inorchards of citrus trees growing in Florida were
1629 that seed-grown peach trees were growingnative trees, but they had been planted by the
in the American colony at Jamestown, Virginia.Spanish explorers centuries before his book,
Apple trees were grown at Boston,Travels, was published.
Massachusetts, in 1629 by William Blackstone, anWilliam Bartram discovered the Ogeechee lime
American colonist, and this practice of plantingtree, Nyssa Ogeechee, growing near the
fruit trees rapidly spread among many otherOgeechee River in Georgia, that "no tree exhibits
farmers there.a more desirable appears than this, in the autumn,
Other fruit tree seeds that were sent for colonistwhen the fruit is ripe" and the fruit "containing an
farmers to plant and grow were: cherry, peach,agreeable acid juice." In his explorations, Bartram
plum, filbert, apple, quince, and pomegranate, andalso reported seeing Chickasaw plum, Prunus
according to documents, "they sprung up andchicasaw, and another wild plum, Prunus indica. In
flourished."1773, Bartram discovered fig trees planted and
In 1707 historical Spanish mission documents showflourishing at Fort Frederica, Georgia, writing that
that fruit trees being grown by theafter searching the ruins in the town, "only remain,
Spanish-Americans were: oranges, fig trees,peach trees, figs, pomegranates, and other
quince, pomegranates, peaches, apricots, apples,shrubs, growing out of the ruinous walls of former
pear trees, mulberries, pecans and other trees.spacious and expansive buildings, not only in the
General Oglethorpe, the first governor of thetown, but at a distance in various parts of the
colony of Georgia, settled at Fort Frederica,island" of Saint Simons, Georgia.
located at Saint Simons Island, Georgia, in 1733,Banana trees were introduced into America from
the same date that the city of Savannah, GeorgiaEurope by the early Spanish explorers, and the
was founded, with the appointed purpose ofplantain banana, that required cooking to eat,
introducing fruit trees that would grow valuablemutated from a green hard fruit to a sweet,
food sources for the Georgia farmers. Johnfresh eating, yellow banana in the year 1836. A
Bartram, the famous explorer and father ofJamaican, Jean Francois Poujot, discovered this
William Bartram traveled extensively, after theoutstanding banana cultivar growing quite
Spanish abandoned their lands, to take andistinctively different in appearance from the
inventory of plants, trees, and vines that might beother plantain bananas planted in the field. Mr.
useful to farmers in the American colonies.Poujot multiplied this banana tree mutation into
General Oglethorpe imported 500 white mulberrywhat would become the most popular and the
trees, Morus alba, in 1733 to encourage andmost famous fruit tree in the world.
economically support the developing colonialApple tree orchards developed very rapidly in the
interests in silk production at Fort Frederica,1800's from the sale of apple seed for planting by
Georgia, colony of the English on the island ofthe legendary Johnny Appleseed.
Saint Simons, Georgia.Perhaps the greatest developmental horticulturist
Henry Laurens, a President of the Americanand pomologist who ever lived was Luther
Continental Congress from South Carolina,Burbank, who settled in California and published a
introduced: olives, limes, everbearing strawberry,giant set of 10 volumes of books that outlined his
and red raspberry for culture in the colonies andfantastic experiments to improve fruit trees,
from the south of France, he imported andberry plants, grapevines, nut trees, and many
introduced apples, pears, plums, and the whiteother perennials to include shade trees. Luther
Chasselas grape which bore abundantly.Burbank bred out the fuzz from peaches, which
In 1763, George Mason recorded in his extensivehe stabilized into commercial nectarine trees. He
fruit journal of his home orchard that he hadalso made many advances in hybridizing tasty
planted an old French variety of pear tree, and hevarieties of plums and peach trees. Burbank
"grafted 10 black pear of Worchester."imported Japanese, Oriental plum trees to be
The Black Mission fig tree was made famousinbred with native American plum trees, that led
when it was found growing at a Spanishto growing many commercial varieties that are
monastery in 1770.top producers even today, such as: Burbank plum
The first American fruit tree nursery was openedtree, Methley plum trees, Santa Rosa plum trees,
in 1737 by Robert Prince at Flushing, New Yorkand many others. Burbank strongly felt that the
who sold fruit to President George Washington,native American cherry trees that were
who visited the nursery. Prince Nursery advertisedextremely cold hardy should be intercrossed with
"42 pear trees for sale" in 1771 and "33 kinds ofcommercial cherries in order to stabilize and
plums." 500 white mulberry trees, Morus Alba, andinbreed the factor of cold hardiness. Burbank
1000 black mulberry trees, Morus nigra, weremade numerous improvements on fruit trees
bought by Robert Prince in 1774. Robert Princeinvolving pear trees and apple trees.
sold an extensive list of grafted peach trees toFruit trees have provided food to wildlife, bird, and
President Thomas Jefferson, to be planted at theanimals since the Biblical account of creation. Many
Jefferson home orchard at Monticello, Virginia.birds are totally dependant on seeds of fruits,
President Thomas Jefferson loved eating peaches,buts, berries, and grapes. Even when the pulpy,
and he dried the peach slices into "peach chips"fleshy portions of fruits are gone, the seed
for his granddaughter and fermented freshremains preserved for months and sometimes
peaches into peach wine and distilled the mixturefor years to provide nourishment for wildlife birds
further into peach brandy. Jefferson alsoand animals, and many of these seed being
introduced the French mixture of tea and freshundigested germinate to grow later into pear
peach juice called pesche (peach) tea. Jeffersontrees, pecan trees, muscadine vines, or black
experimented with the delightful "black plumbraspberry bushes. The fruit trees of the world
peach" of Georgia, well known today and still soldnot only furnish calories for energetic living, but
as the "Indian Blood Peach Tree." Jeffersonvitamins that are essential for growth are
believed the Indian Blood Peach grew true totransplanted by the sunshine photosynthesis
name from planted seed. Jefferson believed thisprocesses into forming fruits, berries, nuts, and
celebrated peach tree had resulted from a naturalgrapes to insure a wonderful healthy lifestyle will
hybrid cross between the French importedcontinue. These fruit trees synthesize hormones
variety, "Sanguinole," and naturalized peach trees,and form the building blocks of proteins, fatty
that were being grown by the Indians. Mulberryacids, and carbohydrates that chemically evolve
trees were planted at Thomas Jefferson'sinto antioxidants. These antioxidants can help or
Monticello home at a distance of 20 feet apartsuppress harmful body aging processes that often
along with a list of other fruit trees, grapevines,end in heart attacks, stroke, faulty blood
and pecan trees.pressure, and Alzheimer's disease. Fruit trees,
William Bartram, in his book, Travels, wrote thatberry plants, nut trees, and grapevines are
he saw vigorous "two or three large apple trees"essential for man's continued ability to maintain
growing near Mobile, Alabama in 1773. These treesfunctional healthy bodies and to accumulate
were likely grown from apple seed planted earliersubstantial agricultural wealth.